Phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited
Keywords:
phase formation, structure, metal being electrodeposited, supercooling, liquid stateAbstract
Purpose. Presentation of a previously unknown phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited discovered by the author. Findings. A brief overview of the existing views of phase formation in metals during their electrodeposition is given. Formula of the scientific discovery entitled “Phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited” is presented and new conception of phase formation in metals being electrodeposited on the its basis is offered. The essence of the discovered phenomenon consists in the fact that during the electrochemical deposition of metal in aqueous solution on a solid cathode the appearance of highly supercooled metallic liquid in the form of numerous liquid clusters of atoms, being formed in an avalanche-like manner at different places near the cathode or the growing deposit, and its extremely fast solidification at the deposition temperature in the form of a crystalline, amorphous or quasicrystalline phase occur. The found phenomenon is caused by very fast (explosive) nature of metal precipitation due to the chain reaction of the electrochemical evolution of atoms and transition of atomic clusters from liquid state to the more stable solid one. Numerous experimental findings are presented to prove the existence of the phenomenon of phase formation via a supercooled liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited. Originality. The discovered phenomenon makes fundamental changes in the existing conceptions of phase and structure formation in metals during their electrochemical deposition and lays the foundations for creation of an essentially new electrocrystallization theory. Practical value. The found phenomenon determines new directions for the producing of electrocoatings with improved properties and provides a scientific basis for the development of advanced technologies to electrochemical synthesize new types of film materials having unique properties.
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Budevski E.B., Staikov G.T. and Lorenz W.J. Electrochemical phase formation and growth: an introduction to the initial stages of metal deposition. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH, 2008, 408 p. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9783527614936
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Girin O.B. Crystallographic texture formation in metals being electrodeposited at the external force influence. Am. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 150-158. Available at: http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.materials.20140403.06.html
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Girin O.B. Features of structure of electrodeposited metals resulting from exposure to external force parallel, normal or inclined to the crystallization front. Advances in Materials. 2015, vol. 4, no. 3-1, pp. 1-14. Available at: http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/html/10.11648.j.am.s.2015040301.11.html
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Girin O.B. Phenomenon of precipitation of metal being electrodeposited, occurring via formation of an undercooled liquid metal phase and its subsequent solidification. Part 1. Experimental detection and theoretical grounding. In Materials Development and Processing (eds J.V. Wood, L. Schultz and D.M. Herlach). Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh, 2000, vol. 8, pp. 183-188. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527607277.ch30/summary
Girin O.B. Phenomenon of precipitation of metal being electrodeposited, occurring via formation of an undercooled liquid metal phase and its subsequent solidification. Part 2. Experimental verification. In Materials Development and Processing (eds J.V. Wood, L. Schultz and D.M. Herlach). Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh, 2000, vol. 8, pp. 189-194. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/3527607277.ch31/summary
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Girin O.B. Structure features of metals obtained by electrochemical deposition and by solidification from liquid state in saturated hydrogen environment. Chem. Mater. Eng. 2014, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 119-126. Available at:http://www.hrpub.org/download/20140701/CME3-15502435.pdf
Hyde M.E. and Compton R.G. A review of the analysis of multiple nucleation with diffusion controlled growth. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2003, vol. 549, pp. 1-12. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002207280300250X
Isaev V.A. and Grishenkova O.V. Galvanostatic phase formation. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2014, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 2383-2386. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-014-2489-9
Liang D. and Zangari G. Electrochemical deposition of Fe-Pt magnetic alloy films with large magnetic anisotropy. ECS Trans. 2013, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 35-47. Available at: http://ecst.ecsdl.org/content/50/10/35.full.pdf+html
Matsui I., Takigawa Y., Yokoe D., Kato T., Uesugi T. and Higashi K. Strategy for electrodeposition of highly ductile bulk nanocrystalline metals with a face-centered cubic structure. Mater. Trans. 2014, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 1859-1866. Available at: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/matertrans/55/12/55_M2014268/_pdf
Milchev A. Electrocrystallization. Fundamentals of nucleation and growth. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, 265 p. Available at: http://www.springer.com/in/book/9781402070907
Milchev A. Electrocrystallization: Nucleation and growth of nano-clusters on solid surfaces. Russ. J. Electrochem. 2008, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 619-648. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1023193508060025
Milchev A. Nucleation phenomena in electrochemical systems: kinetic models. ChemTexts. 2016, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1-9. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40828-015-0021-1
Paunovic M. and Schlesinger M. Fundamentals of electrochemical deposition. 2nd ed. Hoboken: WILEYINTERSCIENCE, 2006, 375 p. Available at: http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471712213.html
Plieth W. Electrochemistry for materials science. Amsterdam: Elsevier B. V., 2008, 410 p. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444527929
Sakita A.M.P., Passamani E.C., Kumar H., Cornejo D.R., Fugivara C.S., Noce R.D. and Benedetti A.V. Influence of current density on crystalline structure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co-rich CoNiW alloys. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2013, vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 576-581. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058413004483
Song J.-M., Wang D.-S., Yeh C.-H., Lu W.-C., Tsou Y.-S. and Lin S.-C. Texture and temperature dependence on the mechanical characteristics of copper electrodeposits. Mater. Sci. Eng., A. 2013, vol. 559, pp. 655-664. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509312013184
Torrent-Burgues J. Electrochemical nucleation: comparison test of classical and atomistic nucleation models. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2013, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 373-378. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-012-1872-7
Valov I. and Staikov G. Nucleation and growth phenomena in nanosized electrochemical systems for resistive switching memories. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2013, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 365-371. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-012-1890-5
Xiao F., Hangarter C., Yoo B., Rheem Y., Lee K.H. and Myung N.V. Recent progress in electrodeposition of thermoelectric thin films and nanostructures. Electrochim. Acta. 2008, vol. 53, no. 28, pp. 8103-8117. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468608007767
Zangari G. Electrodeposition of alloys and compounds in the era of microelectronics and energy conversion technology. Coatings. 2015, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 195-218. Available at: http://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/5/2/
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